成立扵 1975 年，本館是帝俄時期，第一所公共圖書館。1814 年對外開放，藏書 36,500,000冊，每年有一百萬讀者進館，借書達七百萬冊。就藏書量而言，居世界五大之一。本館典藏 1917 年之前出版之所有俄國文學作品，以及為數極多的手抄本與善本古籍。 目前圖書館界之蔵書質量有所改變，本館亦受到波及；遂以，擴大電子出版品與再評估以收益為主的資訊角色。 發展最新的資訊技術，如數位保存與遠距提供書目全文、影像等，而不需中介。增加資訊的價值，成立圖書與資訊網路，並發展公司合夥關係。員工須不斷地翻新其知識與技能。二十一世紀本館的主要發展方向如下：館務作業流程自動化，此即創立電子目錄與印本書數位化；使用新方法以保存本館頂有價值之典藏；將本館轉型為一重要的文化中心；鼓勵研究與發展；加強資源收集與技術革新；完成新館建築；最後培養與發展員工專業。 The National Library of Russia (NLR) – is the first Public library of the Russian Empire. It was founded in 1795 and in 1814 was opened for readers. The NLR preserves over 36,500,000 books and other materials, annually it serves one million visitors and loans about 7 million items. At the present day, the total area of the premises occupied by the NLR is 115 thousand meters. By the volume of its collection the NLR is one of the five largest libraries in the world. The National Library of Russia has the most complete collection of literature in Russian, published prior to 1917, as well as a rich collection of manuscripts and rare books. The NLR has been receiving an obligatory copy of all printed materials published in Russia since 1810. In 2011, the Library received 448.3 thousand publications. Currently, a place and a role of the NLR in the library system of the country and of the world is influenced by qualitative changes in the library and information environment, the most significant of which are: •wide extension of electronic publications and revaluation of the role of information for areas of interest and the development of society and individuals; •the development of new information technologies: digital preservation and remote distribution of bibliographic, textual, visual or other information, possibility for providing an access to information without intermediaries; •increase of the value of information, which limits the possibilities of each of the libraries, and as a consequence - the formation of library and information networks, the development of corporate partnership; •increase of demands for services provided by libraries and needs of staff are in constant updating of knowledge and competence. The main directions for the development of the NLR in the XXI century are: •automation of library processes: the creation of electronic catalogs, digitization of books on hard copy; •use of new ways for preservation of the most valuable collection in the Library; •transformation of the library into an important cultural center; •the development of research; •strengthening the material and technical basis, the completion of the new building; •staff development.

國家圖書館原稱國立中央圖書館，民國22年籌設於中國大陸南京，建館期間，因連年戰亂，輾轉播遷，43年始在臺灣台北復館，75年新館落成，遷到現址服務，85年立法院通過本館組織條例修正案，易名國家圖書館，開啟了本館的新里程。 雖然各個時期的時代背景、圖書館經營的重點不同，NCL始終肩負「徵集、整理及典藏全國圖書資訊，保存文化、弘揚學術，研究、推動及輔導全國各類圖書館發展」的重責大任，以建設現代化國家圖書館為目標，充實典藏，開拓館務，由提供一般讀者服務，兼及服務出版界、圖書館界；由提供紙本服務，擴及電子資料庫、網路的資訊服務。 文化是臺灣的關鍵實力，唯有將文化提升匯聚成整體國力，臺灣才能以小搏大，才能永續經營。在日趨全球化的學術及產業環境中，提昇國內學術界及產業界的國際競爭力，打造一座全球化的圖書資訊中心，提供國外有志於從事臺灣研究及漢學研究的學者利用，俾有助拓展臺灣民眾的國際視野，更可充分於國際呈現豐富多元的臺灣學術研究成果、展示國家的精深文化內涵，博得國際社會對臺灣更多的良好觀感，進而正面拉抬我國的國際影響力。本報告將針對近年來國家圖書館在典藏國家文獻、建立知識服務資訊系統、促進國內外學術交流、倡導漢學、推動閱讀、協助全國圖書館事業發展、發揚中華文化，展現臺灣軟實力的努力，一方面分享經驗，一方面增進與會者對本館的瞭解，希望從瞭解中發現彼此可以合作的機會，共同致力於人類的進步。 National Central Library was planned and designed in Nanking, China in1933 by name of National Chungyang Library. During the construction of the Library, a series of warfare broke up for years and the Library had been moved around until it was settled down in Taiwan and re-opened its door to the public in 1954. It was not until 1986 when the new Library building was moved to its current site. Library organizational chart and its amendments got passed at the legislature Yuan in 1996, and thereafter the Library changed its name to current National Central Library, which also marks the new milestone in the history of National Central Library. Although there were different age backgrounds and library management, National Central Library stands and assumes its great duty as to “acquire, process, collect national library information, preserve culture, promote academic research, push and assist in developing all types of libraries in the nation.” The goals of Library consist in establishing a modern national library, enriching library holdings, expanding library business, providing service to general public, publishers, and to library professionals, as well as expanding from printed book service to electronic database and network information service. Culture is the key power in Taiwan. Only when we exalt the culture to a level that gathers together as the integrated power of the nation, can Taiwan deal with the great with the small for continuing to run smoothly. In the time of academic and industrial globalization, we are going to enhance our academic and industry for international competitiveness, create a global library and information center for foreign scholars who are doing their research on Taiwan and Chinese studies. This global library and information center will help to expand the international vision of people in Taiwan, present internationally the rich and diversified academic research results, display the deep and broad contents of culture, as well as gain much and good prospects from international society. This report is going to share with you and increase your understanding of what National Central Library have made efforts in recent years to collect national literary treasure, establish knowledge service information systems, promote communication between domestic and foreign academia, promote Chinese studies , conduct reading program, help nations’ library development, exalt Chinese culture, and present soft powers of Taiwan. I hope the opportunity of cooperation exists and we will discover it from our mutual understanding and experience sharing. Together we will certainly be making a great progress for human being.

在今日網際網路與行動網路彼此高度互相聯結的世界，讀者得以使用廣泛的網頁搜尋與行動通訊器材，以尋找所需之資訊。本館在已過17年中全力發展革新資訊服務。如今，已完全自動化，並由讀者自行操作。以今日本國 530 萬人口居住在 670 平方公里彈丸之地而言，全國 25 座圖書館每年有 3800 萬人次進館，亦屬難能可貴。在已過的 6-7 年間，本館已數位化了自 1845 年至今之海峽時報全文。1845之後至 1989 年間的時報內容，則以OCRed 關鍵詞來搜尋檢索，至於1989 年以後的時報，則請親臨本館取閱。除以關鍵詞搜尋，本館另提供聯結資料、資料挖掘、與全文分析，以加速搜尋所需資訊，但這仍處於實驗階段，其結果尚在未定之天。 Our focus now is to look at how we value add to users on the digital side. We feel that on top of just allowing users to key in keywords to search, there must be more effective ways to enable users to find what they want in an easy and precise manner, once they find us through any search engine. We present some of these ideas in our presentation, including linked data, data mining and text analysis. We will illustrate with some examples of how we foresee the way forward. Most of this work is still experimental and not conclusive yet.

近年來，MOOCs成為高等教育的熱門話題，不少文章談到MOOCs將取代大學的教室，造成高等教育的革命。本文首先將談到MOOCs在全球的發展現況，以及MOOCs 所造成的熱潮。其次將探討MOOCs和過去的distance learning, e-learning, OCW 等在教學模式、內容模式、使用模式上的異同，以及當這些新的學習模式出現時，曾對高等教育造成的影響。最後, 本文將說明OCW在臺灣的發展現況，並以台灣師範大學的OCW課程使用調查為例，說明使用者對於OCW課程的使用意見、OCW課程對學習的影響，以及圖書館在OCW課程建置及服務中可以扮演的角色。 The recent growth in offerings of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS) has led to many discussions of technology replacing traditional higher-education teaching. Here we analyze the origins and history of MOOCS, as well as trends in education established by these online courses. First, we compare and contrast MOOCS with earlier platforms of online learning, such as Distance Learning, E-learning, and Open Course Ware (OCW). We look at the content and usage similarities, as well as each platform’s impact on the evolution of higher education. Secondly, we examine the online educational resources of Taiwan, especially the development of OCWmaterials. Thirdly, we use the OCW offerings of National Taiwan Normal University and National Chiao Tung University (Transportation University) as a basis for discussion of opportunities for higher education. We present findings of user surveys about OCW courses, the course’s impact on learning, and the role of libraries in managing OCW resources.

資訊科技在過去20年來迅速發展，資訊儲存載體也趨向於多元化。如何建立一套長期保存的政策將是一所國家圖書館所面對的重要議題。本文首先以澳洲國家圖書館與紐西蘭國家圖書館兩所圖書館為例，探討兩所國家圖書館在長期保存策略之發展現況。其次，針對我國的國家圖書館保存政策現況加以探討，最後提出長期保存政策的建議，提供該館參考。 The development of information technology is rapidly in last two decades. The media of information storage are also toward to multiple. How to establish a long-term preservation policy is the major issue for a national library. Two case of nation libraries are discussed, i.e. the National Library of Australia and the National Library of New Zealand. Furthermore, the current status of the preservation policy of the National Central Library is described. Finally some suggestions for the long-term preservation policy are given for the National Central Library.

在春暖花開的四月，世界各國重要代表齊聚臺北市中山南路20號，為一位共同的好朋友「國家圖書館」歡慶80歲生日。 在今（18）日揭開序幕的館慶系列活動，邀請到各國國家圖書館館長與國圖歷任館長擔任貴賓，曾淑賢館長除了對遠道而來的貴賓表達誠摯歡迎之意外，也表示：「圖書館在典藏人類知識文化資產的角色上，其價值是永恆不變的；國家圖書館建館八十年來始終肩負著『徵集、整理、典藏全國圖書資訊，保存文化、弘揚學術，研究、推動及輔導全國各類型圖書館發展』的任務和使命，並且扮演知識領航員的角色。近年來國圖屢獲國內外獎項肯定，如美國圖書館學會國際創新服務會長獎、太平洋鄰里協會圖書館海報競賽獎首獎、2012年資訊月電子政府類傑出資訊應用暨產品獎、教育部101年社教公益團體獎、教育部101年度政府服務品質獎等多個獎項，期望圖書資訊界、出版界、學術界及社會大眾持續給予國圖愛護、指導和支持，讓我國的圖書館事業在世界上佔有一席之地。」 此外，馬英九總統也親臨會場與貴賓們切下代表國圖飛躍80周年的八層大蛋糕，表示祝賀之意，馬總統在致詞當中也提到：國圖在傳承中華文化、促進知識傳播，創新讀者服務、形塑書香社會，在領航專業發展、提升國際形象以及推廣漢學研究、建立學術品牌等四大方面，都有令人非常敬佩及卓越的成效，可說是中華民國文化、社會、經濟、科技發展的知識寶庫及力量，也期勉國家圖書館能繼續在優良穩固的基礎上，再創另一個輝煌的80年。

古亞歷山大圖書館曾攝取世人的幻想，至今仍列為人類智慧無與倫比的探險地之一。本館建於西元 288 年，當時匯集了古文明世界博大無比的思想，也是繆思女神華美的殿宇，其周邊有許多附殿，圖書館便是其中之一。西元前 400 年之前，祝融曾多次光顧，館藏盡付焚火。1600 年之後，本館在原址重建復生，挑戰的是如何在 21 世紀中，重振昔日古圖書館之精神。今日新館，浴火重生，正是為這精神而立，新館擁有 10 個研究所、19 座博物館及永久美術展覽室、亠所星象館、一個會議中心、一座探索館、一個高等資訊中心、六家專業圖書館、與一座大型圖書館。如今，這座獨一的資訊殿堂，巍巍聳立於戰亂之時，其功令人欣喜，因為連在 2011年推翻埃及政權的青年革命軍，也要對之頂禮膜拜。但在埃及本國革命暴動的浪潮中，重生的亞力山大圖書館前途如何？能否僥倖殘存呢？ The Ancient Library of Alexandria captured the imagination of the world and remains one of the greatest adventures of the human intellect. Established in 288 BC to bring together the greatest minds of the ancient world, it was a temple to the Muses to which various facilities were attached, including a library. The Library grew and grew and became the greatest library of the age, assembling almost every possible written text known at the time. There bibliography was established, sciences were formalized and debates flourished. It became the intellectual center of the world. A series of fires destroyed the ancient library till by 400 AD it was no more. But its memory as part academy, part library, part university, part research center, and part museum (in the modern sense) continued to haunt the world. 1600 years later it was revived on the same spot. The challenge was how to recapture the spirit of the ancient library in the context of the 21st century. The new, Reborn Bibliotheca Alexandrina has tried to do just that, combining ten research institutes 19 museums and permanent art exhibits, a planetarium, a conference center, and Exploratorium, a high-level informatics center, six specialized libraries and the big library. By the end of 2010 it was annually receiving around 1.4 million visitors and held around 700 events and its websites receive over 3.3 million hits a day. This unique institution produced interesting results that were saluted by young revolutionaries overthrowing the political regime in Egypt in 2011. It is a wonderful validation of libraries in a time of change. But in the revolutionary turmoil of our country, what will become of this reborn Bibliotheca Alexandrina? Will it survive?

在已過的十年中，對外開放的嶄新而又現代化的國家圖書館，包括：位於法國巴黎的法國國家圖書館密特朗圖書館、與倫敦大英圖書館。就在同一時期，丹麥國家圖書館也於1999 年在其首都哥本哈根啟用了黑鑽石圖書館。上述各館在規劃之時，正值被譽為網路之父的Tim Berners Lee首創的全球資訊網(www)問世之際。 惟昔在 1993 年，www之前途未卜，無人預知結果，當時僅知實體圖書館即將轉變，其結果也隨之而變。但到底如何轉變呢？為此，本館在籌劃整修時，就確定採取高度彈性之配套措施。自1999 年黑鑽石圖書館對外開放之後，果然館內業務更新運轉，而且使用圖書館的研究人員與在學學生，急速增加，館舍亦已布置妥當，以迎接21世紀的數位挑戰。 New modern national libraries have been opened for the public during the last decade: The French National Library, Francois Mitterrand in Paris, France, and the British Library in London, Great Britain. In the same decade The National Library of Denmark opened The Black Diamond in Copenhagen Denmark in 1999. All these libraries were planned in the years when The World Wide Web was invented, based on the invention by Tim Berners Lee. When we were planning The Black Diamond we were also aware of the invention of World Wide Web. Nobody could tell the consequences of World Wide Web in 1993, but one thing was for sure already in 1993: There would be changes and consequences for the physical library – but how? Therefore we secured with a high degree of flexibility in planning the building. After the opening of The Black Diamond in 1999 many functional changes has taken place in the building. The result is that the building still is heavily used by researchers and students and the building is refurbished to meet the digital challenges in the 21st century.

本館的加利卡數位圖書館，為讀者提供規模龐大而又多樣排陣的資訊服務，此即：能夠取閱達兩百萬筆經過掃描與OCRed處理過的全文、影像、與實物；高次元立體影像下載；文件共享閱讀機；即刻列印服務；智慧型手機與個人平板電腦所需之應用程式軟體；語意關鍵詞搜尋；線上媒介 (即新聞信、臉書、 推特、皮趣網站、布拉格) 。此外，本館亦提供專家資訊服務；如法律網路文件表格 (予出版商) ，白色標纖 (予圖書館) ，第三者數位檔案 (予公共機構) ，以及提供在政府公開執照下所解禁的一套書目資料。 Through its digital library Gallica, the BnF offers a large and diversified array of services to its users: access to up to 2 million scanned and OCRed texts, images and objects; HD-images download; document sharing via an exportable viewer; print-on-demand service; apps for smartphones and tablets; semantic search engine; online mediation ( newsletter, Facebook,Twitter, Pinterest, blog). Furthemore, the BnF also offers services to professionals such as an extranet for legal deposit forms (publishers), a white label digital library (libraries), third-party digital archiving (public organisations), and a set of bibliographic data released under governmental open license.

拉脫維亞國家圖書館擁有法律藏書與全國目錄，乃全國圖書館發展中心。但現在的國家圖書館分散在六處，無一足以堪符國家圖書館之專門需求標準，尤以技術服務最為落後。有鑑及此，嶄新的國家圖書館已於 2008年開工，預計 2013 年底完工。新館由享譽國際的本國出生美國籍建築師薄歌特規劃設計，新館外觀懾人眼目，功能特佳，具有三大特色，此即：便捷、光亮、及寬敞。舊館為密閉架式，僅供永久典藏書籍之用。現在新館較有彈性，予人便捷，人人可自由取閱。 “光之堡壘” 隱喻新館在建築上的技術突破，此即藏書遠離陽光，但館員與讀者盡可沐浴光中，陽光乃薄歌特偏愛的建材之一。陽光透過館舍的前院，分射到館內每一讀者。新館空間舒適寛敞，可舉辦下列各項活動，即大小型展覽、影片欣賞、新書發表、作者演講，以及各種不同的研討會、工作坊、集會等。 National Library is the largest library of the Republic of Latvia – a universal research library, which serves as the legal deposit library, maintains national bibliography and serves as the central hub of library development in the state level. Yet nowadays Latvia is the last remaining European country without a purpose-built national library building. Currently The National Library of Latvia is located in six separate buildings, none of which are suited to the specific needs of a national library and all of them being in a very poor technical state. The construction works of the new building of the National Library of Latvia (The Castle of Light) were started in 2008 and by the end of 2013 the construction of the new building is expected to be completed. The architect of the National library project – internationally acclaimed Latvian born American architect Gunnar Birkerts has a deep understanding of the essence of a library, its tasks and structure. He has created an expressive form for a well functioning body. The key characteristics of the new building of the National Library of Latvia (Castle of Light or Glass Mountain) are FLEXIBILITY, LIGHT and PLACE. National libraries initially were closed repositories, intended only for eternal preservation of physical materials. Now national libraries are becoming flexible and freely accessible to everyone. Castle of Light is a literary metaphor, familiar to the whole Latvian nation. Furthermore it involves the most direct connection of the metaphoric meaning to the technical demands of the library. Books should be isolated from sunlight, but readers and staff should have daylight whenever possible. Light is one of the favourite “raw materials” of the Gunnar Birkerts, and atrium is a tool for the daylight spreading to everyone in the library. A library is a place where people meet. The open, communicative philosophy of libraries of the recent decades has been emphasized in their new constructions. In new circumstances these libraries take on new dimensions. The new building of the library will provide a comfortable space for study and research, as well as qualitative remote services and digital collections. As the aim of the National Digital Library is ensuring availability of digitised Latvian cultural and historic heritage, it gives access to full text resources on history, geography, economy and politics – a well designed platform for thematic research. The Castle of Light will be place for several events: large and small scale exhibitions, movie evenings, book openings, authors’ lecturers, different conferences and workshops, happenings and much more.

本文旨在討論發展越南國家圖書館走向傳統與現代結合、以發展適當專屬之典藏、來建立數位化圖書館；保存與推廣國家文物之文化遺產，以傳播予不可勝數之國內外讀者；應用資訊科技，以管理，分享資源。 This article discusses about the activities of the National Library of Viet Nam (NLV) to develop the library in the direction of traditional combined modern digital library, building digital library by developing the appropriate collections; preserving and promoting cultural heritage of national writings to disseminate knowledge of the nation to numerous domestic and foreign readers; applying information technology to control, share resourses and enable users approach easily to library resources as well as access to other information resources from outside the library.